An overview of the application of optoelectronic science and technology in the military field

2. Infrared imager

Model	LRF10000D
Eye safety level	Class 1（IEC60825-1）
Magnification	7×
Field of view	6°/106mil
Pupil distance	20mm
Receive caliber	Φ32mm
Diopter	-5~+5D
Laser wavelength	1535nm
Range (building)	≥ 20~10000m
Accuracy	±1m
Frequency	1Hz (3Hz in continuous ranging mode)
Accurate	≥98%
Divergence angle	0.4mrad
Angular range	Azimuth: 0~360°(±1°); Pitch angle: ±90° (±1°)
Power supply	DC 5~12V
Battery type	Rechargeable battery 16340×2/CR123A×2
Battery life (room temperature)	5000 ranging
Weight	≤ 430g (including battery)
Volume	141×81×53mm (L×W×H)
Operating temperature	-40~+55℃
Storage temperature	-50~+65℃
Waterproof rating	IP67
Connector	Uart（TTL_3.3V）to USB
Wireless transmission	Bluetooth 5.0
Positioning type	GPS/BeiDou/GLONASS
Location accuracy	≥50m
Other	Mobile APP interconnection
Product certification	CE、RoSH

3. Multi-spectral camera

4、Laser Distance Measuring Instrument
Laser distance measurement has the advantages of far, accurate, fast, anti-interference, no blind spot and so on, compared with ordinary distance measurement.

• TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Model	LRF0105C	LRF0308C	LRF0405C	LRF0612C	LRF0816C	LRF0815C	LRF1017C	LRF1221C	LRF1525C	LRF1830C	LRF2535C
Laser Wavelength	1535±5nm
Distance measurement capability (2.3mX2.3m target)	≥3000m	≥3000m	≥4000m	≥6000m	≥8000m	≥8000m	≥10000m	≥12000m	≥15000m	≥18000m	≥25000m
Eye Safety	Class Ⅰ
Divergence Angle	≤1mrad	≤0.6 mrad		≤4.21 mrad		≤0.35 mrad				≤0.3mrad
Launch Lens Diameter	Φ8 mm	Φ8 mm		Φ12mm		Φ12mm		Φ15mm	Φ15mm	Φ18mm
Receiver Lens Diameter	Φ20 mm	Φ16 mm		Φ25mm		Φ40mm		Φ45mm	Φ50mm	Φ60mm
Minimum Range	≤15 m			≤30 m		50 m
Ranging Frequency	Single, 1Hz~10Hz
Ranging Accuracy	±2 m			±1 m		±1 m
Range Resolution	≤20 m			≤30 m		≤30 m
Precision Rate	≥98%			≥98%		≥98%
False Alarm Rate	≤1%			≤1%		≤1%
Supply Voltage	DC 3~5 V	DC4.5~16V				DC12 V
Weight	≤29±1 g	≤32±1 g		≤ 58±1g		≤175g		≤285g	≤380g	≤380g	400g
Dimension （mm)	Φ34×47.5	48×30.5×21		65×48×32		65×46×86		107×72×60	125×85×58	125×100×70
Operating Temperature	-40～+70 ℃
Storage Temperature	-55～+75 ℃

5. LIDAR
LiDAR has an advantage in high precision and imaging, with a resolution of centimeters or even millimeters.

6. Fiber Optic Gyroscope

The fiber optic gyroscope is an optical fiber sensor used for inertial navigation. By altering the length of the optical fiber or the number of loops the light travels in the coil, it can achieve different levels of accuracy and possesses a wide dynamic range.

Due to the highly suitable application of fiber optic gyroscopes in mobile carriers and the military field, military forces from various countries have invested significant financial resources and efforts into their development.

Currently, some developed countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia have made significant progress in the research of fiber optic gyroscopes. Some low-to-medium precision gyroscopes have already been commercialized, and a few high-precision products have also begun equipment debugging in military applications.

II. Transmission of information

There are various means of military information transmission, mainly including satellite communication, optical fiber communication, microwave communication, and shortwave communication, which are used to form multiple networks with various communication methods.

Optical fiber communication holds a significant position in military information transmission.

Optical fiber communication systems were first applied in tactical communication systems for the army in the field of military communication.

Schematic Diagram of Optoelectronic Communication System:

The system includes the Mobile Control System, Field Artillery Tactical Data System, Forward Area Air Defense Command and Intelligence System, All-Source Information Analysis System, Combat Service Support and Control System, and the Communication System. Each of the first five functional subsystems has its own functions to complete its independent tasks, and they also form a horizontal network to support each other. At the same time, the subsystems also form a vertical network according to the command and control relationship, enabling information exchange between higher and lower levels. The horizontal and vertical connections of the five subsystems are ensured by the (tactical) communication system.

1. Mobile Control System

This system provides commanders and staff at all levels with operational command and battlefield-related data and information (such as operational tasks, operational plans, mobility plans, early warnings, operational orders, as well as intelligence, fire support, supply situations, etc.), thereby planning, coordinating, and controlling the combat operations of infantry and armored units.

2. Field Artillery Tactical Data System

This system is an integrated fire support command and control system used to develop artillery support plans and command and control artillery units.

3. Forward Area Air Defense Command and Intelligence System

This system is used to command and control high, medium, and low-altitude air defense weapons.

4. All-Source Information Analysis System

This system is an intelligence/electronic warfare system mainly used to receive, display, process, and distribute various intelligence information and electronic warfare resources from strategic to tactical levels, and transmit the results to commanders and combat units at all levels through the communication system.

5. Combat Service Support and Control System

This system is a service support system that can quickly collect, analyze, and transmit service support information, assisting commanders and staff in planning, coordinating, and controlling logistical support work (such as supply, maintenance, transportation, medical care, finance, and personnel, etc.).

6. Communication System

The communication system is established by departments to achieve information transmission and exchange. It is interconnected with the theater communication system and strategic communication system upward and with various combat entities downward. Communication methods include voice, data, and fax. Its communication range can cover the operational scope of an army.

III. Information storage and display

1. Volume Holographic Storage is one of the earliest studied optical storage technologies.

Advantages of Volume Holographic Storage:

a) High storage density and large capacity: By using holographic methods, information can be stored in the entire volume of the medium, allowing for the multiplexed storage of many holograms within the same storage volume.

b) High data transfer rate and short access time: In holographic storage, information is stored in pages, enabling parallel reading and writing to achieve extremely high data transfer rates. Additionally, holographic databases can use inert beam deflection methods such as electro-optic deflection, acousto-optic deflection, or wavelength selection for addressing, eliminating the need for mechanical read/write heads used in disk and optical storage.

c) High data redundancy: Holographic recording is distributed, and defects or damage to the storage medium only reduce signal intensity without causing data loss. Therefore, volume holographic storage has high data redundancy and strong noise resistance.

d) Long storage life: The information recorded on the storage medium can be retained for over 30 years.

2. Holographic Projection

Modern military warfare features three-dimensional operations. Unlike planar screen projections that create a sense of depth through effects like perspective and shading on a two-dimensional surface, holographic projection technology allows viewing of different aspects of an image from any 360-degree angle, truly presenting a 3D image.

3. Three-Dimensional Battlefield Environment Simulation System

The Three-Dimensional Battlefield Environment Simulation System utilizes an electronic sand table to rapidly generate three-dimensional terrain and simulate scene objects, reproducing a realistic three-dimensional environment. It provides a three-dimensional, dynamic, and interactive simulated terrain environment for combat command at all levels. The Joint Operations Duty System developed based on the concept of integration can achieve functions such as daily camp communication, video surveillance, remote video conferencing, wireless video return transmission, and theater map display. This is a platform that integrates troop command and scheduling operations with a unified joint operations command and scheduling system.

IV Optical countermeasures

Photoelectric countermeasures refer to technical measures that utilize photoelectric equipment or devices to intercept and identify the information of the opponent's photoelectric radiation sources through the action of light waves, with the aim of weakening or even destroying the effectiveness of their photoelectric equipment.

Photoelectric countermeasures include the defense (self-defense) of weapon platforms and other critical military installations, as well as preemptive interference and suppression against the opponent's photoelectric equipment such as reconnaissance satellites.

Commonly used devices include laser warning systems, laser jamming devices, infrared decoy flares, infrared jamming flares, laser protective glasses, infrared stealth suits, etc.

1. Infrared Jamming Flares

Infrared jamming flares produce high-temperature flames upon ignition and generate strong infrared radiation energy within a specified spectral range, thereby deceiving or misleading the opponent's infrared detection systems or infrared guidance systems.

2. Laser protective goggles

3, infrared stealth technology
Infrared stealth is to avoid the detection of the enemy's infrared thermal imaging device (so that people in the infrared monitor under the inhuman) and thus disrupt the enemy's judgment, so that the enemy can not find you.

V. Development trends

Future Development Trends of Photoelectric Science and Technology in the Military Field

1. Miniaturization of Photoelectronic Devices and Systems

Even in larger weaponry and equipment, sensors are desired to be lightweight, power-saving, and maintenance-free. Therefore, the miniaturization of various military photoelectronic devices and systems has become an important development direction.

2. Photoelectronic Devices Based on New Materials

The performance of photoelectronic devices largely depends on the materials used.

The above information is sourced from Zhonglian Xunke.

Attachment: Light Weapon Laser Shooting System

Light weapon shooting practice is one of the essential daily training subjects for military and police forces. Currently, most of the live-fire training ranges in China's military and police forces still rely on manual target presentation, verification, and scoring. As training tasks for military and police forces become heavier, the contradiction between work and training becomes increasingly prominent, and issues such as low efficiency and poor safety of manual scoring have emerged. To address these issues, technological means can be employed to find solutions. Some military and police forces have already introduced high-precision automatic scoring systems to their shooting training ranges, actively improving the scoring methods in live-fire shooting, implementing fully automatic scoring throughout the process, reducing multiple steps in scoring, and enhancing training efficiency and safety.